Jujutsu—a version control system

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Introduction

Jujutsu is a powerful version control system for software projects. You use it to get a copy of your code, track changes to the code, and finally publish those changes for others to see and use. It is designed from the ground up to be easy to use—whether you're new or experienced, working on brand new projects alone, or large scale software projects with large histories and teams.

Jujutsu is unlike most other systems, because internally it abstracts the user interface and version control algorithms from the storage systems used to serve your content. This allows it to serve as a VCS with many possible physical backends, that may have their own data or networking models—like Mercurial or Breezy, or hybrid systems like Google's cloud-based design, Piper/CitC.

Today, we use Git repositories as a storage layer to serve and track content, making it compatible with many of your favorite Git-based tools, right now! All core developers use Jujutsu to develop Jujutsu, right here on GitHub. But it should hopefully work with your favorite Git forges, too.

We combine many distinct design choices and concepts from other version control systems into a single tool. Some of those sources of inspiration include:

• Git: We make an effort to be fast—with a snappy UX, efficient algorithms, correct data structures, and good-old-fashioned attention to detail. The default storage backend uses Git repositories for "physical storage", for wide interoperability and ease of onboarding.

• Mercurial & Sapling: There are many Mercurial-inspired features, such as the revset language to select commits. There is no explicit index or staging area. Branches are "anonymous" like Mercurial, so you don't need to make up a name for each small change. Primitives for rewriting history are powerful and simple. Formatting output is done with a robust template language that can be configured by the user.

• Pijul & Darcs: Jujutsu keeps track of conflicts as first-class objects in its model; they are first-class in the same way commits are, while alternatives like Git simply think of conflicts as textual diffs. While not as rigorous as systems like Darcs and Pijul (which are based on a formalized theory of patches, as opposed to snapshots), the effect is that many forms of conflict resolution can be performed and propagated automatically.

And it adds several innovative, useful features of its own:

• Working-copy-as-a-commit: Changes to files are recorded automatically as normal commits, and amended on every subsequent change. This "snapshot" design simplifies the user-facing data model (commits are the only visible object), simplifies internal algorithms, and completely subsumes features like Git's stashes or the index/staging-area.

• Operation log & undo: Jujutsu records every operation that is performed on the repository, from commits, to pulls, to pushes. This makes debugging problems like "what just happened?" or "how did I end up here?" easier, especially when you're helping your coworker answer those questions about their repository! And because everything is recorded, you can undo that mistake you just made with ease. Version control has finally entered the 1960s!

• Automatic rebase and conflict resolution: When you modify a commit, every descendent is automatically rebased on top of the freshly-modified one. This makes "patch-based" workflows a breeze. If you resolve a conflict in a commit, the resolution of that conflict is also propagated through descendants as well. In effect, this is a completely transparent version of git rebase --update-refs combined with git rerere, supported by design.

Warning

The following features are available for use, but experimental; they may have bugs, backwards incompatible storage changes, and user-interface changes!

• Safe, concurrent replication: Have you ever wanted to store your version controlled repositories inside a Dropbox folder? Or continuously backup repositories to S3? No? Well, now you can!

  The fundamental problem with using filesystems like Dropbox and backup tools like rsync on your typical Git/Mercurial repositories is that they rely on local filesystem operations being atomic, serialized, and non-concurrent with respect to other reads and writes—which is not true when operating on distributed file systems, or when operations like concurrent file copies (for backup) happen while lock files are being held.

  Jujutsu is instead designed to be safe under concurrent scenarios; simply using rsync or Dropbox and then using that resulting repository should never result in a repository in a corrupt state. The worst that should happen is that it will expose conflicts between the local and remote state, leaving you to resolve them.

The command-line tool is called jj for now because it's easy to type and easy to replace (rare in English). The project is called "Jujutsu" because it matches "jj".

Jujutsu is relatively young, with lots of work to still be done. If you have any questions, or want to talk about future plans, please join us on Discord or start a GitHub Discussion; the developers monitor both channels.

News and Updates 📣

• Feb 2024: Version 0.14 is released, which deprecates "jj checkout" and "jj merge", as well as jj init --git, which is now just called jj git init.
• Oct 2023: Version 0.10.0 is released! Now includes a bundled merge and diff editor for all platforms, "immutable revsets" to avoid accidentally edit-ing the wrong revisions, and lots of polish.
• Jan 2023: Martin gave a presentation about Google's plans for Jujutsu at Git Merge 2022! See the slides or the recording.

Related Media

• Mar 2024: Chris Krycho started a YouTube series about Jujutsu.
• Feb 2024: Chris Krycho published an article about Jujutsu called jj init and Steve Klabnik followed up with the Jujutsu Tutorial.
• Jan 2024: Jujutsu was featured in an LWN.net article called Jujutsu: a new, Git-compatible version control system.
• Jan 2023: Martin's Talk about Jujutsu at Git Merge 2022, video and the associated slides.

Getting started

Important

Jujutsu is an experimental version control system. While Git compatibility is stable, and most developers use it daily for all their needs, there may still be work-in-progress features, suboptimal UX, and workflow gaps that make it unusable for your particular use.

Follow the installation instructions to obtain and configure jj.

The best way to get started is probably to go through the tutorial. Also see the Git comparison, which includes a table of jj vs. git commands.

As you become more familiar with Jujutsu, the following resources may be helpful:

• The FAQ.
• The Glossary.
• The jj help command (e.g. jj help rebase).

If you are using a prerelease version of jj, you would want to consult the docs for the prerelease (main branch) version. You can also get there from the docs for the latest release by using the website's version switcher. The version switcher is visible in the header of the website when you scroll to the top of any page.

Features

Compatible with Git

Jujutsu is designed so that the underlying data and storage model is abstract. Today, it features two backends—one of them uses a Git repository for storage, while the other is a native storage backend¹.

The Git backend is fully featured and maintained, and allows you to use Jujutsu as an alternative interface to Git. The commits you create will look like regular Git commits. You can always switch back to Git. The Git support uses the libgit2 C library.

You can even have a "co-located" local repository where you can use both jj and git commands interchangeably.

The working copy is automatically committed

Jujutsu uses a real commit to represent the working copy. Checking out a commit results a new working-copy commit on top of the target commit. Almost all commands automatically amend the working-copy commit.

The working-copy being a commit means that commands never fail because the working copy is dirty (no "error: Your local changes to the following files..."), and there is no need for git stash. Also, because the working copy is a commit, commands work the same way on the working-copy commit as on any other commit, so you can set the commit message before you're done with the changes.

The repo is the source of truth

With Jujutsu, the working copy plays a smaller role than with Git. Commands snapshot the working copy before they start, then they update the repo, and then the working copy is updated (if the working-copy commit was modified). Almost all commands (even checkout!) operate on the commits in the repo, leaving the common functionality of snapshotting and updating of the working copy to centralized code. For example, jj restore (similar to git restore) can restore from any commit and into any commit, and jj describe can set the commit message of any commit (defaults to the working-copy commit).

Entire repo is under version control

All operations you perform in the repo are recorded, along with a snapshot of the repo state after the operation. This means that you can easily revert to an earlier repo state, or to simply undo a particular operation (which does not necessarily have to be the most recent operation).

Conflicts can be recorded in commits

If an operation results in conflicts, information about those conflicts will be recorded in the commit(s). The operation will succeed. You can then resolve the conflicts later. One consequence of this design is that there's no need to continue interrupted operations. Instead, you get a single workflow for resolving conflicts, regardless of which command caused them. This design also lets Jujutsu rebase merge commits correctly (unlike both Git and Mercurial).

Basic conflict resolution:

Juggling conflicts:

Automatic rebase

Whenever you modify a commit, any descendants of the old commit will be rebased onto the new commit. Thanks to the conflict design described above, that can be done even if there are conflicts. Branches pointing to rebased commits will be updated. So will the working copy if it points to a rebased commit.

Comprehensive support for rewriting history

Besides the usual rebase command, there's jj describe for editing the description (commit message) of an arbitrary commit. There's also jj diffedit, which lets you edit the changes in a commit without checking it out. To split a commit into two, use jj split. You can even move part of the changes in a commit to any other commit using jj squash -i --from X --into Y.

Status

The tool is fairly feature-complete, but some important features like (the equivalent of) git blame are not yet supported. There are also several performance bugs. It's likely that workflows and setups different from what the core developers use are not well supported, e.g. there is no native support for email-based workflows.

Today, all core developers use jj to work on jj. I (Martin von Zweigbergk) have almost exclusively used jj to develop the project itself since early January 2021. I haven't had to re-clone from source (I don't think I've even had to restore from backup).

There will be changes to workflows and backward-incompatible changes to the on-disk formats before version 1.0.0. Even the binary's name may change (i.e. away from jj). For any format changes, we'll try to implement transparent upgrades (as we've done with recent changes), or provide upgrade commands or scripts if requested.

Related work

There are several tools trying to solve similar problems as Jujutsu. See related work for details.

Contributing

We welcome outside contributions, and there's plenty of things to do, so don't be shy. Please ask if you want a pointer on something you can help with, and hopefully we can all figure something out.

We do have a few policies and suggestions for contributors. The broad TL;DR:

• Bug reports are very welcome!
• Every commit that lands in the main branch is code reviewed.
• Please behave yourself, and obey the Community Guidelines.
• There is a mandatory CLA you must agree to. Importantly, it does not transfer copyright ownership to Google or anyone else; it simply gives us the right to safely redistribute and use your changes.

Mandatory Google Disclaimer

I (Martin von Zweigbergk, martinvonz@google.com) started Jujutsu as a hobby project in late 2019, and it has evolved into my full-time project at Google, with several other Googlers (now) assisting development in various capacities. That said, this is not a Google product.

License

Jujutsu is available as Open Source Software, under the Apache 2.0 license. See LICENSE for details about copyright and redistribution.

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1. At this time, there's practically no reason to use the native backend. The backend exists mainly to make sure that it's possible to eventually add functionality that cannot easily be added to the Git backend. ↩︎