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Robert J. Chassell 1992-01-23 22:25:20 +00:00
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@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ Writing Rules
* Rule Syntax:: General syntax explained. * Rule Syntax:: General syntax explained.
* Wildcards:: Using wildcard characters such as `*'. * Wildcards:: Using wildcard characters such as `*'.
* Directory Search:: Searching other directories for source files. * Directory Search:: Searching other directories for source files.
* Phony Targets:: Using a target that isn't a real file's name. * Phony Targets:: Using a target that is not a real file's name.
* Force Targets:: You can use a target without commands * Force Targets:: You can use a target without commands
or dependencies to mark other or dependencies to mark other
targets as phony. targets as phony.
@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ Using Implicit Rules
* Chained Rules:: How to use a chain of implicit rules. * Chained Rules:: How to use a chain of implicit rules.
* Pattern Rules:: How to define new implicit rules. * Pattern Rules:: How to define new implicit rules.
* Last Resort:: How to defining commands for rules * Last Resort:: How to defining commands for rules
which can't find any. which cannot find any.
* Suffix Rules:: The old-fashioned style of implicit rule. * Suffix Rules:: The old-fashioned style of implicit rule.
* Search Algorithm:: The precise algorithm for applying * Search Algorithm:: The precise algorithm for applying
implicit rules. implicit rules.
@ -771,7 +771,7 @@ about each target in one place.
@node Cleanup, , Combine By Dependency, Introduction @node Cleanup, , Combine By Dependency, Introduction
@section Rules for Cleaning the Directory @section Rules for Cleaning the Directory
Compiling a program isn't the only thing you might want to write rules Compiling a program is not the only thing you might want to write rules
for. Makefiles commonly tell how to do a few other things besides for. Makefiles commonly tell how to do a few other things besides
compiling a program: for example, how to delete all the object files compiling a program: for example, how to delete all the object files
and executables so that the directory is ``clean''. and executables so that the directory is ``clean''.
@ -804,11 +804,11 @@ called @file{clean} and empowers @code{rm} to continue in spite of errors.
@noindent @noindent
A rule such as this should not be placed at the beginning of the A rule such as this should not be placed at the beginning of the
makefile, because we don't want it to run by default! Thus, in the makefile, because we do not want it to run by default! Thus, in the
example makefile, we want the rule for @code{edit}, which recompiles example makefile, we want the rule for @code{edit}, which recompiles
the editor, to remain the default goal. the editor, to remain the default goal.
Since @code{clean} is not a dependency of @code{edit}, this rule won't Since @code{clean} is not a dependency of @code{edit}, this rule will not
run at all if we give the command @samp{make} with no arguments. In run at all if we give the command @samp{make} with no arguments. In
order to make the rule run, we have to type @samp{make clean}. order to make the rule run, we have to type @samp{make clean}.
@ -973,7 +973,7 @@ from one of these makefiles and it is not an error if the files listed
in @code{MAKEFILES} are not found.@refill in @code{MAKEFILES} are not found.@refill
The main use of @code{MAKEFILES} is in communication between recursive The main use of @code{MAKEFILES} is in communication between recursive
invocations of @code{make} (@pxref{Recursion, ,Recursive Use of @code{make}}). It usually isn't invocations of @code{make} (@pxref{Recursion, ,Recursive Use of @code{make}}). It usually is not
desirable to set the environment variable before a top-level invocation desirable to set the environment variable before a top-level invocation
of @code{make}, because it is usually better not to mess with a makefile of @code{make}, because it is usually better not to mess with a makefile
from outside. However, if you are running @code{make} without a specific from outside. However, if you are running @code{make} without a specific
@ -1120,7 +1120,7 @@ the makefile. @xref{Goals, ,Arguments to Specify the Goals}.
* Rule Syntax:: General syntax explained. * Rule Syntax:: General syntax explained.
* Wildcards:: Using wildcard characters such as `*'. * Wildcards:: Using wildcard characters such as `*'.
* Directory Search:: Searching other directories for source files. * Directory Search:: Searching other directories for source files.
* Phony Targets:: Using a target that isn't a real file's name. * Phony Targets:: Using a target that is not a real file's name.
* Force Targets:: You can use a target without commands * Force Targets:: You can use a target without commands
or dependencies to mark other or dependencies to mark other
targets as phony. targets as phony.
@ -1531,7 +1531,7 @@ foo.o : foo.c
compilation by implicit rule; we use it here for consistency so it will compilation by implicit rule; we use it here for consistency so it will
affect all C compilations uniformly; @pxref{Implicit Variables, ,Variables Used by Implicit Rules}.) affect all C compilations uniformly; @pxref{Implicit Variables, ,Variables Used by Implicit Rules}.)
Often the dependencies include header files as well, which you don't want Often the dependencies include header files as well, which you do not want
to mention in the commands. The function @code{firstword} can be used to to mention in the commands. The function @code{firstword} can be used to
extract just the first dependency from the entire list, as shown here extract just the first dependency from the entire list, as shown here
(@pxref{Filename Functions, ,Functions for File Names}): (@pxref{Filename Functions, ,Functions for File Names}):
@ -1648,7 +1648,7 @@ clean:
@end example @end example
A phony target should not be a dependency of a real target file; strange A phony target should not be a dependency of a real target file; strange
things can result from that. As long as you don't do that, the phony things can result from that. As long as you do not do that, the phony
target commands will be executed only when the phony target is a specified target commands will be executed only when the phony target is a specified
goal (@pxref{Goals, ,Arguments to Specify the Goals}). goal (@pxref{Goals, ,Arguments to Specify the Goals}).
@ -1877,7 +1877,7 @@ do it with a @dfn{static pattern rule}. @xref{Static Pattern, ,Static Pattern R
@dfn{Static pattern rules} are rules which specify multiple targets and @dfn{Static pattern rules} are rules which specify multiple targets and
construct the dependency names for each target based on the target name. construct the dependency names for each target based on the target name.
They are more general than ordinary rules with multiple targets because the They are more general than ordinary rules with multiple targets because the
targets don't have to have identical dependencies. Their dependencies must targets do not have to have identical dependencies. Their dependencies must
be @emph{analogous}, but not necessarily @emph{identical}. be @emph{analogous}, but not necessarily @emph{identical}.
@menu @menu
@ -1912,13 +1912,13 @@ Each pattern normally contains the character @samp{%} just once. When the
the target name; this part is called the @dfn{stem}. The rest of the the target name; this part is called the @dfn{stem}. The rest of the
pattern must match exactly. For example, the target @file{foo.o} matches pattern must match exactly. For example, the target @file{foo.o} matches
the pattern @samp{%.o}, with @samp{foo} as the stem. The targets the pattern @samp{%.o}, with @samp{foo} as the stem. The targets
@file{foo.c} and @file{foo.out} don't match that pattern.@refill @file{foo.c} and @file{foo.out} do not match that pattern.@refill
The dependency names for each target are made by substituting the stem The dependency names for each target are made by substituting the stem
for the @samp{%} in each dependency pattern. For example, if one for the @samp{%} in each dependency pattern. For example, if one
dependency pattern is @file{%.c}, then substitution of the stem dependency pattern is @file{%.c}, then substitution of the stem
@samp{foo} gives the dependency name @file{foo.c}. It is legitimate @samp{foo} gives the dependency name @file{foo.c}. It is legitimate
to write a dependency pattern that doesn't contain @samp{%}; then this to write a dependency pattern that does notcontain @samp{%}; then this
dependency is the same for all targets. dependency is the same for all targets.
@samp{%} characters in pattern rules can be quoted with preceding @samp{%} characters in pattern rules can be quoted with preceding
@ -1930,7 +1930,7 @@ Backslashes that are not in danger of quoting @samp{%} characters go
unmolested. For example, the pattern @file{the\%weird\\%pattern\\} has unmolested. For example, the pattern @file{the\%weird\\%pattern\\} has
@samp{the%weird\} preceding the operative @samp{%} character, and @samp{the%weird\} preceding the operative @samp{%} character, and
@samp{pattern\\} following it. The final two backslashes are left alone @samp{pattern\\} following it. The final two backslashes are left alone
because they can't affect any @samp{%} character.@refill because they cannot affect any @samp{%} character.@refill
Here is an example, which compiles each of @file{foo.o} and @file{bar.o} Here is an example, which compiles each of @file{foo.o} and @file{bar.o}
from the corresponding @file{.c} file: from the corresponding @file{.c} file:
@ -2515,7 +2515,7 @@ many more jobs running in parallel than you asked for. If you give
possible in parallel, this is passed down, since multiple infinities are possible in parallel, this is passed down, since multiple infinities are
no more than one.@refill no more than one.@refill
If you don't want to pass the other flags down, you must change the If you do not want to pass the other flags down, you must change the
value of @code{MAKEFLAGS}, like this: value of @code{MAKEFLAGS}, like this:
@example @example
@ -2796,7 +2796,7 @@ include_dirs = -Ifoo -Ibar
@noindent @noindent
will do what was intended: when @samp{CFLAGS} is expanded in a command, will do what was intended: when @samp{CFLAGS} is expanded in a command,
it will expand to @samp{-Ifoo -Ibar -O}. A major disadvantage is that you it will expand to @samp{-Ifoo -Ibar -O}. A major disadvantage is that you
can't append something on the end of a variable, as in cannot append something on the end of a variable, as in
@example @example
CFLAGS = $(CFLAGS) -O CFLAGS = $(CFLAGS) -O
@ -3554,7 +3554,7 @@ all the references; in other words, write @w{@samp{$(subst a,b,$(x))}}, not
@w{@samp{$(subst a,b,$@{x@})}}. This is both because it is clearer, and @w{@samp{$(subst a,b,$@{x@})}}. This is both because it is clearer, and
because only one type of delimiters is matched to find the end of the because only one type of delimiters is matched to find the end of the
reference. Thus in @w{@samp{$(subst a,b,$@{subst c,d,$@{x@}@})}} reference. Thus in @w{@samp{$(subst a,b,$@{subst c,d,$@{x@}@})}}
doesn't work because the second @code{subst} function invocation ends at does notwork because the second @code{subst} function invocation ends at
the first @samp{@}}, not the second. the first @samp{@}}, not the second.
The text written for each argument is processed by substitution of The text written for each argument is processed by substitution of
@ -3617,7 +3617,7 @@ substituted into it. Backslashes that are not in danger of quoting
@samp{%} characters go unmolested. For example, the pattern @samp{%} characters go unmolested. For example, the pattern
@file{the\%weird\\%pattern\\} has @samp{the%weird\} preceding the @file{the\%weird\\%pattern\\} has @samp{the%weird\} preceding the
operative @samp{%} character, and @samp{pattern\\} following it. The operative @samp{%} character, and @samp{pattern\\} following it. The
final two backslashes are left alone because they can't affect any final two backslashes are left alone because they cannot affect any
@samp{%} character.@refill @samp{%} character.@refill
@ -4070,7 +4070,7 @@ suppose you have a makefile @file{foo} that includes another makefile
@file{bar}. You want a variable @code{bletch} to be defined in @file{bar} @file{bar}. You want a variable @code{bletch} to be defined in @file{bar}
if you run the command @samp{make -f bar}, even if the environment contains if you run the command @samp{make -f bar}, even if the environment contains
a definition of @code{bletch}. However, if @file{foo} defined a definition of @code{bletch}. However, if @file{foo} defined
@code{bletch} before including @file{bar}, you don't want to override that @code{bletch} before including @file{bar}, you do not want to override that
definition. This could be done by using an @code{override} directive in definition. This could be done by using an @code{override} directive in
@file{foo}, giving that definition precedence over the later definition in @file{foo}, giving that definition precedence over the later definition in
@file{bar}; unfortunately, the @code{override} directive would also @file{bar}; unfortunately, the @code{override} directive would also
@ -4222,10 +4222,10 @@ all: size nm ld ar as
If you are working on the program @code{size}, you might want to say If you are working on the program @code{size}, you might want to say
@samp{make size} so that only the files of that program are recompiled. @samp{make size} so that only the files of that program are recompiled.
Another use of specifying a goal is to make files that aren't normally Another use of specifying a goal is to make files that are notnormally
made. For example, there may be a file of debugging output, or a version made. For example, there may be a file of debugging output, or a version
of the program that is compiled specially for testing, which has a rule of the program that is compiled specially for testing, which has a rule
in the makefile but isn't a dependency of the default goal. in the makefile but is not a dependency of the default goal.
Another use of specifying a goal is to run the commands associated with a Another use of specifying a goal is to run the commands associated with a
phony target (@pxref{Phony Targets}) or empty target (@pxref{Empty Targets, ,Empty Target Files to Record Events}). phony target (@pxref{Phony Targets}) or empty target (@pxref{Empty Targets, ,Empty Target Files to Record Events}).
@ -4353,11 +4353,11 @@ information about @code{make} or about the makefiles in use.
@section Avoiding Recompilation of Some Files @section Avoiding Recompilation of Some Files
@cindex @code{-o} @cindex @code{-o}
Sometimes you may have changed a source file but you don't want to Sometimes you may have changed a source file but you do not want to
recompile all the files that depend on it. For example, suppose you add a recompile all the files that depend on it. For example, suppose you add a
macro or a declaration to a header file that many other files depend on. macro or a declaration to a header file that many other files depend on.
Being conservative, @code{make} assumes that any change in the header file Being conservative, @code{make} assumes that any change in the header file
requires recompilation of all dependent files, but you know that they don't requires recompilation of all dependent files, but you know that they do not
need to be recompiled and you would rather not waste the time waiting for need to be recompiled and you would rather not waste the time waiting for
them to compile. them to compile.
@ -4383,7 +4383,7 @@ header files will not cause any recompilation.
If you have already changed the header file at a time when some files do If you have already changed the header file at a time when some files do
need recompilation, it is too late to do this. Instead, you can use the need recompilation, it is too late to do this. Instead, you can use the
@samp{-o @var{file}} flag, which marks a specified file as ``old'' @samp{-o @var{file}} flag, which marks a specified file as ``old''
(@pxref{Options Summary, ,Summary of Options}). This means that the file itself won't be remade, (@pxref{Options Summary, ,Summary of Options}). This means that the file itself will not be remade,
and nothing else will be remade on its account. Follow this procedure: and nothing else will be remade on its account. Follow this procedure:
@enumerate @enumerate
@ -4473,7 +4473,7 @@ status. For example, after an error in compiling one object file,
@samp{make -k} will continue compiling other object files even though it @samp{make -k} will continue compiling other object files even though it
already knows that linking them will be impossible. In addition to already knows that linking them will be impossible. In addition to
continuing after failed shell commands, @samp{make -k} will continue as much continuing after failed shell commands, @samp{make -k} will continue as much
as possible after discovering that it doesn't know how to make a target or as possible after discovering that it does notknow how to make a target or
dependency file. This will always cause an error message, but without dependency file. This will always cause an error message, but without
@samp{-k}, it is a fatal error. @xref{Options Summary, ,Summary of Options}. @samp{-k}, it is a fatal error. @xref{Options Summary, ,Summary of Options}.
@ -4624,7 +4624,7 @@ example, one customary way to make an object file is from a C source file
using the C compiler, @code{cc}. using the C compiler, @code{cc}.
@dfn{Implicit rules} tell @code{make} how to use customary techniques so @dfn{Implicit rules} tell @code{make} how to use customary techniques so
that you don't have to specify them in detail when you want to use them. that you do not have to specify them in detail when you want to use them.
For example, there is an implicit rule for C compilation. For example, there is an implicit rule for C compilation.
File names determine which implicit rules are run. File names determine which implicit rules are run.
For example, C compilation typically takes a For example, C compilation typically takes a
@ -4659,7 +4659,7 @@ You can define your own implicit rules by writing @dfn{pattern rules}.
* Chained Rules:: How to use a chain of implicit rules. * Chained Rules:: How to use a chain of implicit rules.
* Pattern Rules:: How to define new implicit rules. * Pattern Rules:: How to define new implicit rules.
* Last Resort:: How to defining commands for rules * Last Resort:: How to defining commands for rules
which can't find any. which cannot find any.
* Suffix Rules:: The old-fashioned style of implicit rule. * Suffix Rules:: The old-fashioned style of implicit rule.
* Search Algorithm:: The precise algorithm for applying * Search Algorithm:: The precise algorithm for applying
implicit rules. implicit rules.
@ -4719,7 +4719,7 @@ only as a dependency is considered a target whose rule specifies nothing,
so implicit rule search happens for it. @xref{Search Algorithm, ,Implicit Rule Search Algorithm}, for the so implicit rule search happens for it. @xref{Search Algorithm, ,Implicit Rule Search Algorithm}, for the
details of how the search is done. details of how the search is done.
If you don't want an implicit rule to be used for a target that has no If you do not want an implicit rule to be used for a target that has no
commands, you can give that target empty commands by writing a semicolon. commands, you can give that target empty commands by writing a semicolon.
@xref{Empty Commands, ,Defining Empty Commands}. @xref{Empty Commands, ,Defining Empty Commands}.
@ -4909,7 +4909,7 @@ precise command used is @samp{$(GET) $(GFLAGS)}.@refill
For the benefit of SCCS, a file @file{@var{n}} will be copied from For the benefit of SCCS, a file @file{@var{n}} will be copied from
@file{@var{n}.sh} and made executable (by everyone). This is for @file{@var{n}.sh} and made executable (by everyone). This is for
shell scripts that are checked into SCCS. Since RCS preserves the shell scripts that are checked into SCCS. Since RCS preserves the
execution permission of a file, you don't need to use this feature execution permission of a file, you do not need to use this feature
with RCS.@refill with RCS.@refill
We recommend that you avoid using of SCCS. RCS is widely held to be We recommend that you avoid using of SCCS. RCS is widely held to be
@ -5315,7 +5315,7 @@ dependencies, and it will execute happily ever after.)@refill
Suppose you are writing a pattern rule to compile a @samp{.c} file into a Suppose you are writing a pattern rule to compile a @samp{.c} file into a
@samp{.o} file: how do you write the @samp{cc} command so that it operates @samp{.o} file: how do you write the @samp{cc} command so that it operates
on the right source file name? You can't write the name in the command, on the right source file name? You cannot write the name in the command,
because the name is different each time the implicit rule is applied. because the name is different each time the implicit rule is applied.
What you do is use a special feature of @code{make}, the @dfn{automatic What you do is use a special feature of @code{make}, the @dfn{automatic
@ -5430,7 +5430,7 @@ Note that we use a special stylistic convention when we talk about these
automatic variables; we write ``the value of @samp{$<}'', rather than ``the automatic variables; we write ``the value of @samp{$<}'', rather than ``the
variable @code{<}'' as we would write for ordinary variables such as variable @code{<}'' as we would write for ordinary variables such as
@code{objects} and @code{CFLAGS}. We think this convention looks more @code{objects} and @code{CFLAGS}. We think this convention looks more
natural in this special case. Please don't assume it has a deep natural in this special case. Please do not assume it has a deep
significance; @samp{$<} refers to the variable named @code{<} just as significance; @samp{$<} refers to the variable named @code{<} just as
@samp{$(CFLAGS)} refers to the variable named @code{CFLAGS}.@refill @samp{$(CFLAGS)} refers to the variable named @code{CFLAGS}.@refill
@ -5521,7 +5521,7 @@ executable files) and a file name with a recognized suffix indicates some
other specific type of data (such as a C source file). other specific type of data (such as a C source file).
Special built-in dummy pattern rules are provided solely to recognize Special built-in dummy pattern rules are provided solely to recognize
certain file names so that nonterminal match-anything rules won't be certain file names so that nonterminal match-anything rules will not be
considered. These dummy rules have no dependencies and no commands, and considered. These dummy rules have no dependencies and no commands, and
they are ignored for all other purposes. For example, the built-in they are ignored for all other purposes. For example, the built-in
implicit rule implicit rule
@ -5587,7 +5587,7 @@ If you give @code{.DEFAULT} with no commands or dependencies:
the commands previously stored for @code{.DEFAULT} are cleared. the commands previously stored for @code{.DEFAULT} are cleared.
Then @code{make} acts as if you had never defined @code{.DEFAULT} at all. Then @code{make} acts as if you had never defined @code{.DEFAULT} at all.
If you don't want a target to get the commands from @code{.DEFAULT}, but If you do not want a target to get the commands from @code{.DEFAULT}, but
you also you also
do not want any commands to be run for the target, you can give it empty do not want any commands to be run for the target, you can give it empty
commands. @xref{Empty Commands, ,Defining Empty Commands}. commands. @xref{Empty Commands, ,Defining Empty Commands}.
@ -5991,13 +5991,13 @@ We're not sure who invented it first, but it's been spread around a bit.
Rule chaining and implicit intermediate files. Rule chaining and implicit intermediate files.
This was implemented by Stu Feldman in his version of @code{make} This was implemented by Stu Feldman in his version of @code{make}
for AT&T Eighth Edition Research Unix, and later by Andrew Hume of for AT&T Eighth Edition Research Unix, and later by Andrew Hume of
AT&T Bell Labs in his @code{mk} program. We don't really know if AT&T Bell Labs in his @code{mk} program. We do not really know if
we got this from either of them or thought it up ourselves at the we got this from either of them or thought it up ourselves at the
same time. @xref{Chained Rules, ,Chains of Implicit Rules}. same time. @xref{Chained Rules, ,Chains of Implicit Rules}.
@item @item
The automatic variable @code{$^} containing a list of all dependencies The automatic variable @code{$^} containing a list of all dependencies
of the current target. We didn't invent this, but we have no idea who did. of the current target. We did not invent this, but we have no idea who did.
@xref{Automatic, ,Automatic Variables}. @xref{Automatic, ,Automatic Variables}.
@item @item
@ -6283,7 +6283,7 @@ INSTALLDATA = /usr/local/bin/install -c -m 644
# fcntl.h, getcwd, no valloc, # fcntl.h, getcwd, no valloc,
# and ndir.h (unless # and ndir.h (unless
# you use -DDIRENT). # you use -DDIRENT).
# -DNO_MEMORY_H If USG or STDC_HEADERS but don't # -DNO_MEMORY_H If USG or STDC_HEADERS but do not
# include memory.h. # include memory.h.
# -DDIRENT If USG and you have dirent.h # -DDIRENT If USG and you have dirent.h
# instead of ndir.h. # instead of ndir.h.